Overpayments usually arise for one of three reasons: a change in circumstances that wasn't reported quickly enough, an error by the DWP or HMRC, or a fraudulent claim. Universal Credit rules make almost all overpayments recoverable — even 'official error' overpayments — which is a change from the older benefits system.
Tax credit overpayments follow different rules. Some genuine official errors can be written off if you couldn't reasonably have known you were being overpaid. Housing Benefit sits with local councils, each of which has its own approach to recovery.
In every case, you have the right to see how the overpayment was calculated and to challenge it. Ask for a Mandatory Reconsideration (for DWP debts) or a formal review (for HMRC or council debts) if you don't agree with the amount or the decision.
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